Kalau monyet bisa memanjat, mungkin juga bisa mencapai hingga ujung dahan
Dan bisa bergelantung hingga lompat ke ujung dahan lainnya
Ketika angin bisa berhembus dahsyat, mungkin juga bisa sepoi
Dan bisa merobohkan
Ketika monyet melawan kedahsyatan angin, mungkin akan erat menggenggam pohon.
Ketika monyet terbuai oleh angin sepoi, mungkin akan terlena hingga ke ubun
Lalu roboh.
tapi cukup. Aku bukan monyet.
The cross culture understanding has partly relating to language especially foreign language which is different culture.
Cross– Cultural are based on the work done looking at value differences between different cultures. Cross-cultural which is also used in a different sense is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds interact, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures.
DEFINITION CROSS- CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING
Culture related to foreign language learning means “way of life “ or patterns of living “ and consists of elements such us verbal and non-verbal behavior, attitudes traits of people , standards (of success, beauty , intelligence), and values which are considered good or proper by the culture bearers.[1] So , in defining of cross-culture understanding that related basically to culture is concerned with understanding people with different cultural background , in order to be able to interact with them , work with them, or possibly move to and function in their country . Culture finds through expression the patterns of behavior decision making processes , moral , ethics, moral and values in which a society is based. Cultures are built up over many years and spring over from a country’s history , geography , sociology , language and religion.
In other words, Cross-cultur understanding simply refers to the basic ability of people to recognize, interpret and correctly react to people, incidences or situations that are open to misunderstanding due to cultural differences.
There are always similarities and differences I two different cultures. Similarities are usually easy to learn, though no two things belonging to two difference cultures can be exactly the same. For example. The expression “terima kasih” and “thank you” are similar in senses that both are use to express gratitude. However the meaning of “terima kasih” is more intense since Indonesians do not mention it if they do not think they owe somebody something..American say “thank you” on almost occasions. To most Indonesians, they say ‘’no thank you’’ or ’yes; thank you’ when they get an offer and spontaneously say “thank you” after they receive their change or receipt from the cashier . does it mean Indonesians never say” tidak, terima kasih”. They do have these expression , but again, it is different from “no, thank you”. Getting an offer to lunch or dinner, most Indonesian do accept it at the first bid. They say “tidak (sudah ) terima kasih, meaning that they are grateful for the host’s kindness” . only after the repetition of invitation, which might be regarded as a sign that offer is meant seriously, do they accept it.
Difference are more interesting to learn since they might be the source of serious misunderstandings.
THE OBJECTIVES OF CROSS- CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING
Culture if translated bluntly into another culture, may be offensive to its people. Misunderstanding can easily arise as a result of not knowing the meaning of the facial or body gestures, in face to face interaction. Culture bound meanings are not limited to the spoken language. They also exist in the written language and foreign student are expected to know them. Otherwise , they may misinterpret the meaning of the text they have read. In short ,learning a foreign language cannot disregarded the learning of its culture. The fundamental intention of cross cultural understanding is to equip the learner with the appropriate skills to attain cross cultural understanding.
The culture problem above in studying cross cultural understanding which the objectives are to make us recognizing the concept of foreign culture in communication and to understand the relationship between learning a language and its culture . We need to make an responsive of another culture for fully effective communication, it needs to be current with cultural changes, and willing to adapt to these changes.
CROSS CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE-AWARENESS-SENSITIVITY AND COMPETENCE
Once the foundations of cross cultural understanding have been laid, the learner, either through continued training or experiences within the workplace, gradually attains a more acute appreciation of cultural differences. The different types of appreciation are cross cultural knowledge, cross cultural awareness, cross cultural sensitivity and cross cultural competence. Although all the terms may appear similar in meaning, subtle differences exist between them.
· 'Cross Cultural Knowledge' is critical to basic cross cultural understanding. Without it cross cultural appreciation cannot take place. It refers to a surface level familiarization with cultural characteristics, values, beliefs and behaviours.
· 'Cross Cultural Awareness' develops from cross cultural knowledge as the learner understands and appreciates a culture internally. This may also be accompanied by changes within the learner's behaviour and attitudes such as a greater flexibility and openness.
· 'Cross Cultural Sensitivity' is a natural by-product of awareness and refers to an ability to read into situations, contexts and behaviours that are culturally rooted and be able to react to them appropriately. An suitable response necessitates that the actor no longer carries his/her own culturally determined interpretations of the situation or behaviour (i.e. good/bad, right/wrong) which can only be nurtured through both cross cultural knowledge and awareness. In Other Words, Cross cultural sensitivity is a quality that enables people to achieve a multicultural mind-set. It can be defined as a “positive drive to accommodate, understand, and appreciate cultural differences in promoting an appropriate and effective behaviour in intercultural communication”. The continuum ethnocentrism-ethno relativism relates to the issue of intercultural sensitivity. Intercultural communication scholars have advanced many components of intercultural sensitivity. These include ethno relativism, which will be discussed in detail at the end of this text, respect for cultural differences, adaptability, perspective-taking, open-mindedness and acknowledgement of other’s needs.
· 'Cross Cultural Competence' is and should be the aim of all those dealing with multicultural clients, customers or colleagues. 'Competence' is the final stage of cross cultural understanding and signifies the actor's ability to work effectively across cultures. Cross cultural competency is beyond knowledge, awareness and sensitivity in that it is the digestion, integration and transformation of all the skills and information acquired through them, applied to create cultural synergy within the workplace. Intercultural communication competence has several definitions, the same way culture has. According to one of these definitions, intercultural communication competence is “the ability to effectively and appropriately execute communication behaviours to elicit a desired response in a specific environment” (Chen & Starosta 1998). Intercultural communication competence has four dimensions: personality strength, communication skills, psychological adaptation and cultural awareness. Examples of these might be the ability to stay positive in stressful situations, the skills to use appropriate nonverbal communication cues, the strength to survive culture shock and the ability to be aware of and maintain own cultural identity without jeopardizing intercultural relations.
Cross– Cultural are based on the work done looking at value differences between different cultures. Cross-cultural which is also used in a different sense is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds interact, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. The fundamental intention of cross cultural understanding is to equip the learner with the appropriate skills to attain cross cultural understanding. Once the foundations of cross cultural understanding have been laid, the learner, either through continued training or experiences within the workplace, gradually attains a more acute appreciation of cultural differences. The different types of appreciation are cross cultural knowledge, cross cultural awareness, cross cultural sensitivity and cross cultural competence. Although all the terms may appear similar in meaning, subtle differences exist between them.
PREFERENCE
Internet sources :
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_3_46/ai_71969378/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_competence
http://www.diversophy.com/gsi/reviews/Intercultural_Understanding.doc
http://africa.eduprojects.net/understanding/media/Theory%20for%20teachers.doc
http://ayulittleone.blogsome.com/2005/12/13/the-value-of-cross-cultural-understanding/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication
http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/cultural-services/articles/cross-cultural-understanding.html
Library sources :
Soedjatmiko Wuri. 1987. Understanding American And Indonesian Cultures (A Teaching Manual For S1 English Department Students). Surabaya : Widya Mandala Catholic University Press.
[1] Wuri Soedjatmiko, Understanding American And Indonesia Cultures, Surabaya :Widya Mandala Catholic University Press,1987 ), p.3
Bahasa Adalah suatu alat pada manusia untuk menyatakan tanggapannya terhadap alam sekitar atau peristiwa-peristiwa yang dialami secara individual atau secara bersama-sama. Bahasa Inggris mulai dikenal pada abad ke 5 M dimana merupakan bahasa pendatang (Germanik). Bagaimana proses terbentuknya bahasa inggris pada masa sebelumnya? .
Bahasa inggris yang di pakai sebagian besar masyarakat dunia berawal dari berbagai macam akulturasi dan bahasa-bahasa lain di belahan dunia. Dalam prasejarah bahasa inggris, banyak bahasa telah terbentuk. Dan bahasa – bahasa ini termasuk rumpun indo –eropa .
THE INDO-EUROPEAN GROUP
Bahasa Inggris termasuk golongan bahasa yang dikenal sebagai golongan bahasa India-Eropa (the Indo-European Group).Golongan bahasa ini berasal dari India Utara antara benua Eropa dan Asia. Suku bangsa yang berbahasa ini berpindah tempat ke seluruh pelosok benua eropa dan India sudah beribu-ribu tahun lamanya. Bahasa itu dalam sifatnya yang sebenarnya mengalami perubahan radikal sehingga hampir tak mungkin kita mempercayai bahwa bahasa Inggris berkaitan erat dengan bahasa Prancis dan bahasa Jerman. Bahasa Inggris, Jerman, Prancis dan Belanda tersmasuk diantara sekian banyak rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa. Rumpun bahasa adalah sekelompok bahasa yang mempunyai kesamaan dalam tata bahasa, bunyi bahasa dan perbendaharaan kata. Hal ini merupakan dasar bahwa bahasa tersebut memiliki unsur kesamaan dengan bahasa aslinya. Selanjutnya rumpun bahasa berangsur-angsur mengalami perubahan yang kemudian disebut sejarah pekembangan bahasa. Perkembangan itu menghasilkan berbagai macam kaidah dan aturan.Ini berarti bahwa bahasa yang satu dilahirkan dari bahasa yang lain. Sedangkan bahasa Inggris, Jerman, Prancis, Rusia,Yunani dan bahasa Eropa lainnya dilahirkankan dari sebuah hipotesis bahasa proto indo Eropa yang-kemudian berangsur-angsur mengalami perubahan sesuai dengan kaidah masing-masing bahasa tersebut.
Menurut W. Nelson Francis (1965 :72) : Ada delapan rumpun bahasa Indo – Eropa yang besar, yang pada umumnya dibagai menjadi :
1. Indo Iranian which includes the classical Vedic and Sanskrit languages, as well as many of living languages of Persia and India, the Dravidian Family are not Indo – Europen in origin but represent a survival of languages spoken before the indic version of Indo-European Spread to India.
Balto-Slavic : Including the Baltic language of Latvia and Lithuania, the Slavic group,Polish,Czech, Russian, Bulgarian, and Serbo Croation. Some scholars prefer to consider these two separate families.Armenian : a language and a group of dialects, spoken in what is now a part of the Soviet Union. Albanian : the language of Albanian and of small groups or pockets southern Italy.
2.Western Language Group : Hellenic, which includes the ancient and modern languages and dialect of the greek Mainland, Crete,Rhodes,Island of the Aegean and Greek-Setteled areas of southern Italy and Sicily. Italic : whose modern members is the Latin and family of languages, called the romances lnguages, which have the developed from the spoken Latin of Various part of the Roman empire.Celtic : whose modern members are the non English languages of Ireland, Wales and the Highland of Scotland and non French language of Britany. Gallic,the language of Caesars Gaul, was a celtic language which has no modern descendant. Germanic : the family to which English belongs, as well as standart German, Dutch, Flemisch, Danisch, Norwegian, Icelandic and Swedisch, and many local dialects spoken in Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, and the Germans speaking,part of the Switzerland.
Bangsa- bangsa yang termasuk dalam rumpun indo –eropa mulai memperkenalkan bahasa di saat mereka menjajah bangsa lain dan mencampur bahkan mengubah bahasa local.
Pengaruh dari bahasa indo-eropa dapat dilihat dalam kata-kata bahasa inggris sekarang walaupun tidak tertulis dengan lengkap, seperti ; FATHER yang berasal dari VATER (Jerman), PATER (Latin -Roma) dan PITR (Sansktir). Kata- kata yang mempunyai kemiripin merupakan kata-kata yang mempunya hubungan sejarah dan ini disebut Cognates.
THE PREHISTORY OF ENGLISH
| Waktu | Peristiwa | Penguruh Bahasa | Periode |
| - | Suku Celtik di Kepulauan British | Keltik di London,Dover, Avon dan Cornwall. | Pre-English |
| 55 S.M | Awal serangan Romawi | Latin | |
| 43 M | Pendudukan tetap pada British | | |
| Awal abad ke-5 M | Romawi meninggalkan kepulauan British | | |
| 500 M | Masuknya invasi Germanic, menyerang suku asli Keltik | Bahasa Germanic | |
| Abad Ke-6 | Suku-suku germanik memulai pengasingan bahasa Celtik ke Germanik menjadi Bahasa Inggris (English) | | |
| 750 M | Memulai penulisan berbahasa Inggris | English | Old- English |
Secara kronologis sejarah Bahasa Inggris adalah dimulai dari masuknya invasi bangsa-bangsa sbb: Prasejarah bahasa inggris di mulai pada Suku brighton yang pertama kali menduduki Britania Raya, selanjutnya bangsa Romawi di awal Masehi – selanjutnya masuk invasi bangsa Jutes, lalu berganti dengan bangsa Anglo lalu Saxon, lalu invasi bangsa Danes dan terakhir adalah bangsa Norman French. Silih berganti masuknya para invasi menyebabkan terjadinya akulturasi bahasa dan budaya yang membentuk Bahasa Inggris saat ini:
· Suku Britton atau lebih dikenal dengan suku celtic,yang pertama kali menduduki Britania Raya atau British Isles. Kata “Britania‟ itu sendiri ada yang mengatakan berasal dari kata „brighton‟ yaitu nama suku dari yang menggunakan bahasa Celtic yang lebih dahulu mendiami wilayah di kepulauan Britania Raya ini. Mereka menggunakan bahasa Celtic dimana bahasa celtic merupakan cabang dari Indo-European. British Isles(Breton, Irish, Welsh , Scottish ) menggunakan bahasa Celtic sebagai bahasa asli sebelum masuknya invasi bangsa lain sehingga membentuk Bahasa Inggris.Bahasa –bahasa Keltik sedikit sekali yangmasuk ke dalam bahsa inggris seperti crag , dun, combe . dianatatra semuanya itu meminjam kata-kata keltik,glen, heather, clan,bard, palid,slogan,.
· Pada 55 SM ,ketika orang-orang Romawi menaklukkan british, mereka menaklukkan negara berbahasa Celtic atau Britton (Celtic-speaking Country), yaitu negara yang berbahasa pribumi Britania Raya (Bretons, Cornish, Welsh, Irish, Manx, Gaels). Orang-orang Romawi memperkenalkan adat-istiadat ,keagamaan dan hukum-hukum mereka sendiri ke dalm negara Inggris, tetapi tak banyak mencampuri bahasa seperti : anchor (jangkar), butter (mentega), cat (kucing), chest (dada), devil (iblis), dish (piring, makanan), dan sack (saku). Beberapa wilayah di Britania Raya yang menggunakan kata _chester dahulu merupakan base campbangsa Romawi, seperti Manchester, Winchester, dsb.
· Pada awal abad ke- 5 M, dimana bahasa Jermanik mulai masuk dan merubah struktur kata-kata Bahasa Celtic. Invasi pertama berasal dari bangsa Jutes,Invasi bangsa Anglo-Saxon juga disebut bangsa bahasa Jermanik yang timbul pada abad 6 M dan dimulainya masa Old-English Pada . Old English adalah sekelompok dialek yang mencerminkan asal-usul beragam kerajaan-kerajaan Anglo-Saxon di Inggris. Salah satu dialek ini, Saxon Barat akhirnya yang mendominasi. Wilayah yang berakhiran dengan –sex seperti essex, wessex dulunya merupakan kediaman bangsa Saxon. Dari kata Anglo inilah menjadi kata England yang artinya tanah bangsa Anglo. Dan bahasa yang mereka gunakan disebut English .Namun, bahasa-bahasa pribumi/penduduk Britania Raya itu bukan merupakan dasar bahasa Inggris modern .Ketika orang-orang Jerman menaklukan Inggris, mereka tidak memakai bahasa Keltik (Celtic language); mereka sebenarnya, mengusir orang-orang Keltik ke tepi barat Inggris. Mereka membawa bahasa mereka sendiri dan mendiami negeri itu dengan cara mereka sendiri. Oleh karena itu, dasar bahsa Inggris adalah bahasa Jerman,dan disebut Germanic tetapi selama bertahun-tahun bahasa ini menjadi satu bahasa dan dikenal sebagai Old English (kadang disebut Anglo-Saxon), seperti as,if, who, that, which, when, where, here, there dll
KESIMPULAN
Bahasa Inggris termasuk golongan bahasa yang dikenal sebagai golongan bahasa India-Eropa (the Indo-European Group).Golongan bahasa ini berasal dari India Utara antara benua Eropa dan Asia. Suku bangsa yang berbahasa ini berpindah tempat ke seluruh pelosok benua eropa dan India sudah beribu-ribu tahun lamanya. Bahasa itu dalam sifatnya yang sebenarnya mengalami perubahan radikal sehingga hampir tak mungkin kita mempercayai bahwa bahasa Inggris berkaitan erat dengan bahasa Prancis dan bahasa Jerman. Akan tetapi itulah fakta bahwa hal ini memang demikian.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
INTERNET;
http://id.wikipedia.org/apple-touch-icon.png
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_bahasa_Inggris
http://renditkj.blogspot.com/2009/03/sejarah-bahasa-inggris.html
http://www.anglik.net/englishlanguagehistory.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris
http://home.surewest.net/einstein/12grade/Docs/A%20History%20of%20English%20Language%20and%20Literature%20Packet%20Form.doc
BUKU
Handoko teguh .2009. Belajar Bahasa Inggris Dengan Mudah. Jakarta; www.e- compusoft.com
Kartidjo. 1999. The Most Contemporary Of English Grammar And Conversation. Jakarta: P.T Fajar Fandra Gemilang
